Table 4 Study results – determinants of nursing home versus hospital death

 See Figure 5

 Among nursing home residents

1 study

1.57 (1.35–1.82) [15]

 Any advance directive (vs. no advance directive)

 Do-not-resuscitate order (yes vs. no)

1 study

3.33 (3.33–3.45) [16]

 Do-not-hospitalize order (yes vs. no)

1 study

5.26 (4.76–5.88) [16]

 Among nursing home residents

 Patient preference (yes vs. no)

1 study

10.40 (4.40–24.90) [20]

 Family preference (yes vs. no)

1 study

16.62 (11.38–24.27) [14]

 Cancer, dementia (vs. other diseases) See Figures 6–7

 End-stage disease (vs. non-end-stage)

1 study

3.90 (2.78–5.47) [15]

 Stroke vs. other diseases (nursing home residents)

1 study

1.12 (1.06–1.18) [16]

 Stroke vs. other diseases (general end-of-life population)

1 study

4.76 (2.38–9.09) [27]

 Heart Failure vs. other diseases (nursing home residents)

1 study

0.75 (0.65–0.88) [15]

 Diabetes vs. other diseases (nursing home residents)

2 studies

0.70 (0.61–0.81) [15]

0.90 (0.87–0.93) [16]

Pooled: 0.80 (0.63–1.03), I²: 91 %

 Worse functional status or bedridden vs. better functional status or not bedridden (nursing home residents)

2 studies

2.80 (0.83–9.49) [31]

2.22 (2.04–2.38) [16]

Pooled: 2.22 (2.07–2.38), I²: 0

 Hospital-based nursing home (nursing home residents)

1 study

1.21 (1.15–1.25) [16]

 Full-time physician presence (nursing home residents)

1 study

3.74 (1.03–13.63 [31]

 1-month increment (nursing home residents)

1 study

1.01 (1.01–1.01) [15]

  ≥ 3 vs. < 3 months (nursing home residents)

1 study

1.44 (1.36–1.53) [28]

Living Arrangements

 Living at home before nursing home (vs. not living at home)

1 study

2.97 (0.87–10.19) [31]

 Married vs. unmarried

2 studies^b

0.35 (0.07–1.64) [31]

1.08 (1.00–1.16) [28]