Table 1 Published research included in scoping review

Baskaran & Hauser (2022) [50]

Nepal

Qualitative

Semi-structured interviews (n = 29)

29 participants including LGBQTI + palliative patients (n = 8), health professionals (n = 5), administrators (n = 14), community or family (n = 2)

Explores LGBTQI + experiences in hospice and palliative care provided by Blue Diamond Society (NGO which provides a hospice and palliative program for the LGBQTI + community)

Did not define. Identified as a theme in findings. Related intersectionality to experience of participants – intersectionality between their gender/sexuality, culture and the environment

Dworzanowski-Venter, B. (2017) [51]

South Africa

Qualitative

Interviews (n = 19) conducted between 2005–2013

Black male caregivers (n = 5, 2005 & 2010; n = 1 2013), female caregiver (n = 1 2013) and a supervisor (n = 1 2013) from a home-based care provider. Oncology nurses of both genders (n = 8 2006; n = 2 female 2010) from hospital setting

How can the intersection of gendered work norms and class status shape the masculine identities of black caregivers in South Africa? Does class impact on gendered work and social norms regarding feminization of care work?

Draws on previous work (Folbre, 2016) that illuminates the dynamic nature of class-gender intersectionality. Recognises the debate of using intersectionality as an analytical tool – and the care to avoid reinforcing and perpetuating oppression for certain groups. Reinforces the need for researchers to be reflexive and aware of the potential bias related to their privilege

Giesbrecht et al. (2012) [52]

Canada

Qualitative

Secondary analysis of semi-structured (n = 50) phone interviews

Front-line palliative care providers (n = 50) across the 5 provinces of Canada

To explore how frontline palliative care providers understand diversity of family caregivers and how this shapes their end-of-life caregiving experience in Canada. Consider the implications to current health and social policy aimed at supporting family caregivers

Bases analysis on previous work (Hankivsky, 2009). Sees intersectionality as an approach to consider simultaneous interactions between different

aspects of social identity, and the impact of systems and processes of oppression and domination. Authors use intersectionality grounded in lived experience with the aim to pursue social justice

Giesbrecht et al. (2018) [53]

Canada

Qualitative

Secondary analysis of 30 months of ethnographic fieldnotes

People experiencing structural vulnerability (n = 25), their support persons (n = 25) and formal service providers (n = 69)

To explore how places of formal healthcare settings shape access to and experience of palliative care for people who are structurally vulnerable

Identifies intersectionality as a critical theory which is concerned with simultaneous interactions between aspects of social difference and identity, forms of systemic oppression at micro and macro levels. These interactions are complex and interdependent

Giesbrecht et al. (2015) [54]

Canada

Qualitative

Secondary analysis of ethnographic fieldnotes and semi structured interviews

Family caregivers (n = 13), care recipients (n = 3) and homecare nurses (n = 11)

What socio-environmental factors facilitate family palliative caregivers’ capacities for resilience in the home setting?

Sees intersectionality as a lens to recognise that human lives are complex cannot be reduced to singular identity categories or social locations. Identifies intersectionality as way to identify the multiple variables that impact on an issue and how they relate within specific contexts

Hutson (2016) [55]

USA

Qualitative

Secondary analysis of semi-structured interviews

People with self-acknowledged diagnosis of HIV/AIDS (n = 9)

To explore the health access and end of life concerns for people living with HIV/AIDS in Appalachia, USA

Did not define. Identified intersectionality in findings of a participant’s lived experience related to multiple overlapping oppressions in their life

Liu et al. (2020) [56]

USA

Qualitative

Secondary analysis using data from National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) linked with data from National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS)

This study used data from Round 5 (conducted in 2015) and Round 7 (conducted in 2017) of

NSOC. These participants are family members and others who provided unpaid care to the NHATS participants. N = 1206 caregivers

To explore the differences in caregiving burdens for people with dementia across the intersectionality of race and gender

Saw intersectionality as a framework to analyse the multidimensionality of lived experience for people who are marginalised. Also recognised that intersectionality provides a perspective to examine the interconnections of power and inequality

Stajduhar et al. (2019) [57]

Canada

Qualitative

Analysis of ethnographic data (observations and interviews) collected over 30 months

People experiencing structural vulnerability (n = 25), their support persons (n = 25) and formal service providers (n = 69)

To explore issues and experiences of accessing palliative care for people experiencing life-limiting illness and structural vulnerabilities

Identified intersectionality as a lens of understanding to explore the complex, simultaneous and interdependent interactions between social difference and identity, forms of social oppression at micro and macro levels

Suntai et al. (2023) [58]

USA

Quantitative

Analysis of Last-month-of-life interviews conducted in the year after a person dies from 2013 and 2020 of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS)

Person who was present in the final month before an individual died, who may be a family member, friend, or other relative (n = 914)

To examine the intersectional impact of race and gender on

care quality at the end of life

Recognised intersectionality as a theory that sees membership to 2 or more vulnerable groups increases risk of hardship across a person’s life. Recognised that a person is the sum of all of their combined identities, however systems fail to recognise the uniqueness in experience of the intersection of identities

Wilson et al. (2018) [59]

Canada

Qualitative

Three focus groups (6–9 participants in each)

People identifying as LGBQTI + (n = 23)

To understand the lived experience of older LGBQTI + individuals in the healthcare system in Ontario and to highlight their concerns associated with last stages of life

Did not define explicitly. Recognised that understanding the intersectionality and varying social locations for people is crucial to facilitate positive aging experiences

and good end-of-life care