Table 1 Participants’ selection criteria of qualitative interview, Delphi survey, and online cross-sectional study

Qualitative interview

1. Working in oncology department or hospice and palliative ward or working in the ward that having hospice and palliative care bed

2. ≥ 1 year experience of taking care of end-of-life patients

3. Recommending by their nurse managers

1. Not willing to participant the interview

Delphi survey

1. From hospice pilot cities or being the member of Chinese Nursing Association Hospice Professional Committee

2. Having bachelor diploma or above

3. Above 5-year working experience as the nurses, doctors, or research fellows engaging in HPC clinical management or research

1. Not response or reject the invitation

Online cross-sectional study

1. Nurse working in hospitals in HPC pilot cities

2. Either taking care of end-of-life patients in the past 12-month or have received the HPC training

1. Not willing to participate the survey