Table 1 Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients

Patients (n)

577

211

366

Age, yr

69.5 ± 13.9

72.9 ± 13.5

67.6 ± 13.8

< 0.001

Male

348 (60.3)

119 (56.4)

229 (62.6)

0.145

Body mass index, kg/m²

22.8 ± 3.9

22.6 ± 4.2

22.9 ± 3.7

0.370

APACHE II score

22.6 ± 8.8

26.1 ± 9.2

20.3 ± 7.7

< 0.001

Clinical frailty scale

4.6 ± 1.4

5.1 ± 1.4

4.4 ± 1.4

< 0.001

Underlying disease

Hypertension

343 (59.4)

121 (57.3)

222 (60.7)

0.435

Diabetes Mellitus

238 (41.2)

88 (41.7)

150 (41.0)

0.865

Solid tumor

64 (11.1)

34 (16.1)

30 (8.2)

0.004

Hematologic malignancy

10 (1.7)

7 (3.3)

3 (0.8)

0.027

Chronic heart disease

194 (33.6)

69 (32.7)

125 (34.2)

0.722

Chronic lung disease

134 (23.2)

65 (30.8)

69 (18.9)

0.001

Chronic liver disease

61 (10.6)

23 (10.9)

38 (10.4)

0.845

Cerebrovascular accident

95 (16.5)

42 (19.9)

53 (14.5)

0.091

Chronic kidney disease

55 (9.5)

22 (10.4)

33 (9.0)

0.579

Laboratory findings

White blood cell, ×10³/uL

10.7 (7.3–15.8)

11.3 (7.3–17.1)

10.4 (7.3–15.4)

0.130

Hemomglobin, g/dL

10.9 (9.4–12.9)

10.2 (9.1–11.8)

11.3 (9.7–13.4)

< 0.001

Platelet, ×10³/uL

179 (120–243)

166 (97–235)

184 (128–245)

0.071

Total bilirubin, mg/dL

0.7 (0.5–1.2)

0.8 (0.5–1.4)

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

0.003

Albumin, g/dL

2.9 (2.5–3.5)

2.7 (2.3–3.0)

3.1 (2.6–3.6)

< 0.001

AST, U/L

33 (21–82)

36 (23–114)

31 (20–72)

0.308

ALT, U/L

23 (14–51)

24 (13–55)

23 (14–50)

0.457

Creatinine, mg/dL

1.14 (0.69–2.17)

1.25 (0.72–2.18)

1.08 (0.68–2.19)

0.152

CRP, ng/mL

5.2 (0.8–14.8)

7.7 (1.2–17.4)

3.5 (0.6–12.4)

0.003