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Table 3 Frequency of factors potentially associated with insomnia (n = 61)

From: Insomnia among patients with advanced disease during admission in a Palliative Care Unit: a prospective observational study on its frequency and association with psychological, physical and environmental factors

 

Yes (n(%))

Psychological factors

 HADS score (range 0-42)a (mean ± SD)

21.6 ± 7.66

 Clinically significant emotional distressb

39 (63.9)

 Depressed moodc

38 (62.3)

 Anxietyd

33 (54.1)

 Nightmares

16 (26.2)

 Rumination

48 (78.7)

 Feelings of fear/loneliness

30 (49.2)

 Clear knowledge diagnosis

39 (63.9)

 Clear knowledge prognosis

12 (19.7)

Physical symptoms claimed to be interfering with sleep quality

 Pain

42 (68.9)

 Dyspnoea

22 (36.1)

 Cough

18 (29.5)

 Nausea/vomiting

15 (24.6)

 Sweating

13 (21.3)

 Nycturia

11 (18.0)

 Functional incontinence

8 (13.1)

 Itch

7 (11.5)

 Restless-legs

5 (8.2)

 Drug/tobacco abstinence

5 (8.2)

 Fever

1 (1.6)

Environmental factors

 Reported environmental factor influencing sleep quality

47 (77.0)

 Individual room

28 (29.5)

 Sleep habits not accomplished

19 (31.1)

 Accompanied by a next of kin during night

15 (24.6)

  1. aHospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, higher scores indicate higher emotional distress.
  2. bHADS score ≥ 19.
  3. cHADD (subscale depression of HADS) ≥ 11.
  4. dHADA (subscale anxiety of HADS) ≥ 11.