Serum and urine concentrations of morphine and morphine metabolites in patients with advanced cancer receiving continuous intravenous morphine: an observational study

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants (n = 24)

	n ( %)
Gender
Male	18 (75)
Female	6 (25)
Age (years)	62.5 (38, 80)^a
Karnofsky Performance Status	60 (50, 80)^a
Cancer type
Stomach	4 (16.7)
Colon /Rectum	11 (45.8)
Ovary/Cervix	1 (4.2)
Liver	2 (8.3)
Pancreas	5 (20.8)
Kidney/Bladder	1 (4.2)
Thyroid	1 (4.2)
Total intravenous morphine dose (mg/day)
Day 1	82 (14, 1000)^a
Day 2	153.5 (2, 1120)^a
Day 3	82.0 (0, 1132)^a
Pain (NRS, 0 ~ 10)
Day 1	5.0 (0, 9)^a
Day 2	5.0 (0, 7)^a
Day 3	4.5 (0, 9)^a
Drowsiness (NRS, 0 ~ 10)
Day 1	5.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 2	5.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 3	3.5 (0, 10)^a
Confusion (NRS, 0 ~ 10)
Day 1	5.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 2	3.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 3	3.0 (0, 10)^a
Nausea (NRS, 0 ~ 10)
Day 1	2.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 2	0.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 3	1.0 (0, 10)^a
Health status (NRS, 0 ~ 10)
Day 1	5.0 (0, 10)^a
Day 2	6.0 (0, 9)^a
Day 3	5.5 (0, 9)^a
Total intravenous fluid (ml/day)
Day 1	1106.5 (200, 2019)^a
Day 2	1210.5 (0, 2088)^a
Day 3	1050.0 (0, 2240)^a
Total urine output (ml/day)
Day 1	1500.0 (490, 2900)^a
Day 2	1500.0 (600, 3300)^a
Day 3	1550.0 (250, 3450)^a
Laboratory variables
Alanine transaminase (IU/L)	23 (6, 75)^a
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.7 (0.4, 1.7)^a

ISSN: 1472-684X