Skip to main content
Download PDF
  • Research article
  • Open access
  • Published:

Path modeling of knowledge, attitude and practice toward palliative care consultation service among Taiwanese nursing staff: a cross-sectional study

BMC Palliative Care volume 16, Article number: 42 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The Taiwanese government has promoted palliative care consultation services (PCCS) to support terminally ill patients in acute ward settings to receive palliative care since 2005. Such an intervention can enhance the quality of life and dignity of terminally ill patients. However, research focusing on the relationship between the knowledge, attitude and practice of a PCCS using path modelling in nursing staff is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of path modeling on the knowledge, attitude and practice toward PCCS in Taiwanese nursing staff.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study design using convenience sampling. Data collected included demographics, knowledge, attitude and practice as measured by the PCCS inventory (KAP-PCCSI). Two hundred and eighty-four nursing staff from a medical center in northern Taiwan participated in the study in 2013. We performed descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and path modeling using SPSS 19.0 and set p < 0.05 as the statistical significance threshold.

Results

The results showed that the identical factor significantly associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice toward PCCS among nurses was the frequency of contact with PCCS. In addition, higher level of knowledge toward PCCS was associated with working in haematology and oncology wards, and participation in education related to palliative care. A more positive attitude toward PCCS was associated with working in a haematology and oncology ward, and experience of friends or relatives dying. Higher level of practice toward PCCS was associated with nurses who participated in education related to palliative care. In the path modeling, we found that holders of a master’s degree indirectly positive affected practice toward PCCS. Possession of a bachelor degree or above, being single, working within a haematology and oncology ward, and frequency of contact with PCCS positively affected practice toward PCCS.

Conclusions

Based on this study, it is proposed that consultation with PCCS has a positive impact on the care of terminally ill patients. Encouragement of staff to undertake further education can improve the practice of ward staff providing palliative care.

Peer Review reports

Background

Cancer is the leading cause of death in Taiwan. The number of deaths related to malignant tumors was 46,093, accounting for 28% of all deaths, in 2014 [1]. Because a large number of patients died from malignant tumours, it is important to improve the quality of life and ensure a dignified death of terminally ill patients. The Taiwanese government has advocated palliative care and enacted the Hospice Palliative Act since 2000 [2]. Palliative care not only serves patients but also assists their families to relieve physical, psychosocial and spiritual suffering [3].

The palliative care consultation service (PCCS) is another model of palliative care that has provided holistic end-of-life care for terminally ill patients in acute ward settings since 2005. The PCCS team is made up of the following members: doctors, nurses, psychologists, social workers, pharmacists, and spiritual care workers. They collaborated with primary health professionals to mainly provide advice, support, and guidance regarding palliative care [4, 5]. A study has confirmed the outcomes of PCCS, which revealed patients who received PCCS, received better symptom management, spiritual support and earlier development of resuscitation plans [6].

The percentage of patients receiving some form of palliative care support during the terminal phase of illness was less than 45% between 2006 and 2008 in Taiwan [7]. A qualitative study indicated that one of the leading barriers to referral of patients to receive palliative care was insufficient knowledge of palliative care by medical staff [8]. Several international studies also investigated the knowledge and attitude of nurses caring for end-stage cancer patients. Generally, these studies suggested that the knowledge and attitude of professionals in a palliative care team can indeed affect the evaluation of symptoms and subsequent treatment processes in terminally ill patients. In addition, the attitude of nurses was significantly associated with the probability of patients transferring to a palliative care facility [9, 10].

A literature review found that non-oncology nurses lacked education and training in cancer care and cancer treatment, which consequently impedes the delivery of quality nursing care for cancer patients [11]. Similarly, Coyne et al. found that the lack of knowledge for non-oncology registered nurses was detrimental to contact with PCCS, which was especially prominent in emotional support and communication with cancer patients and family members [12]. Nurses who lack knowledge about end-of life-care can negatively affect the decision making of terminally ill patients.

Previous studies have used multiple regression models to examine association between variables in the predictor of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) and subsequent palliative care promotion [13, 14]. Although multiple regression models were crucial in applying information about the factors that predict KAP, we were interested in other factors that directly or indirectly impacted on practice toward PCCS. A prior study evaluated the direct or indirect factors affecting KAP regarding the use of restraints among nurses in rehabilitation settings through path analysis [15]. However, little is known about the relationship between KAP toward PCCS and utilizing path modeling in nursing staff. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the causal relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding PCCS using path modeling amongst Taiwanese nursing staff.

Methods

Study design and population

A descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed in a medical center in northern Taiwan in 2013, and this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB 2–102–05-128). A sample size of 255 was required to undertake regression analysis (using G* power 3.1). A two-tailed p value was set at 0.05, power at 0.9 and standardized regression coefficient at 0.2. We considered a 90% response and completion rate of the questionnaire; therefore, 285 subjects were recruited.

Convenience sampling was used to recruit nurses who fulfilled the inclusion criteria such as being a registered nurse, working in the ward or intensive care unit (ICU), able to communicate in Mandarin, and being willing and able to participate in this study. The researcher explained the objectives and methods to participants in the meeting room at ward meetings. Questionnaires were anonymous and information was confidential. Participants spent around 15–20 min to fill out the questionnaires. However, they were able to discontinue the questionnaire and withdraw from the study at any time. After completing the questionnaire, participants received a gift card. Only 1 subject refused to complete the questionnaire; therefore, data were collected from 284 nurses.

Instruments

Demographics and work-related characteristics

Data collected included age, gender, education level, marital status, religious belief, length of service in nursing, ward, experience of death of friends or relatives, experience of death of patients while on duty, participation in education related to palliative care, and frequency of contact with PCCS.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding PCCS inventory (KAP-PCCSI)

The KAP-PCCSI was developed based on the “self-reported questionnaire of nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding end-of-life care [16]” and the “scale of palliative care knowledge and attitude” [17] as well as the literature regarding palliative care and information from experts. The KAP-PCCSI is composed of 3 scales measuring the knowledge (K-PCCSI), attitude (A-PCCSI), and practice (P-PCCSI) regarding PCCS of nurses.

The K-PCCSI was used to measure the level of understanding regarding the concept, purpose, significance, consultation process, and referral of patients. It contains 15 items; each item was rated on a 1–5 score with 1 being “no understanding” and 5 being “full understanding.” The total score ranges from 15 to 75, with a higher score indicating better knowledge in PCCS.

The A-PCCSI is composed of 10 items measuring attitudes toward PCCS team intervention and improving the quality of life of terminally ill patients. Items 9 and 10 were negatively worded. All items are rated on a 1–5 score with 1 being “strongly disagree,” and 5 being “strongly agree.” The total score ranges from 10 to 50, with a higher score indicating a more favorable attitude toward PCCS.

The P-PCCSI is composed of 10 items measuring the nurse’s ability to determine whether a patient meets the admission criteria, clearly explain and provide relevant information regarding PCCS to patients and relatives, discuss with the PCCS team regarding the patient’s condition or medical procedures, proactive learning of comfort care and terminal care techniques provided by the PCCS team, proactive communication with PCCS practitioners, and proactive sharing of personal thoughts. The items were rated on a 1–5 score with 1 being “never,” and 5 being “always.” The total score ranges from 10 to 50, with a higher score indicating more favorable practices regarding PCCS.

Content validity was established by a panel of 5 experts, which consisted of a professor, an assistant professor, a physician, a registered nurse and a social worker all working within the field of palliative care. Each item of KAP-PCCSI was rated on relevance, accuracy, and applicability on a 1–5 score by experts. The content validity index (CVI) for each item was counted the number of experts who rated the item on 4 or 5 score and divided that number by the total number of experts. The average CVI across the items in this study was 0.97. Cronbach’s alpha of the K-PCCSI, A-PCCSI, and P-PCCSI was 0.90, 0.86, and 0.93 for the 284 nurses, respectively.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were performed using statistical IBM SPSS software (SPSS 19 for windows). Continuous variables were descriptively expressed as means and standard deviations, and as frequencies and proportions for categorical variables. Data analysis included two parts. First, multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the predictors for the KAP-PCCS of the nurses. Second, path analysis was used to describe the direct or indirect dependencies among a set of variables including demographics and work-related characteristics. Three types of results included demographics and work-related characteristics affecting practice through knowledge and attitude (a → d → e), affecting practice through attitude (b → e), and directly affecting practice (c). The path modeling is shown in Fig. 1. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Path modeling

Full size image

Results

Demographics and work-related characteristics

The mean age of the participants was 29.1 years, and 69% were 25 years or older. Most of the subjects were female (95.8%), had a bachelor degree (74.6%), were single (79.2%), and had religious beliefs (62.0%). The mean length of service in nursing was 6.5 years, and 46.8% had a length of service of more than 5 years. The largest proportion of the participants worked in medical wards (38.7%), had experienced the death of friends or relatives (88.0%), and had experienced the death of patients while on duty (91.5%). A majority of the participants had participated in education related to palliative care (71.1%) and indicated having contact with PCCS 1–4 times (57.0%) (Table 1).

Table 1 Demographics and work-related characteristics (N = 284)
Full size table

Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward PCCS

Among the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice, nurses scored the highest in attitude (mean score = 4.0) and lowest in practice (mean score = 3.6; Table 2).

Table 2 Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward palliative care consultation service among nurses (N = 284)
Full size table

Predictors of KAP-PCCS

As shown in Table 3, the significant predictors of the K-PCCS among nurses were ward, participation in education related to palliative care, and frequency of contact with PCCS, after adjustment for potential confounders. Nurses from medical wards, surgical wards, and ICU had lower mean scores for the K-PCCS than those from hematology and oncology wards by 7.2 points [95% CI (−10.2, −4.1), p<0.001], 5.0 points [95% CI (−8.1, −1.7), p<0.01], and 4.3 points [95% CI (−8.2, −0.3), p<0.05]. Nurses who have participated in education related to palliative care had a higher mean score for the K-PCCS than those who had never participated in relevant education by 2.0 points [95% CI (0.1, 3.9), p<0.05]. Compared with nurses who have never had contact with PCCS, those with 1–4 times and 5 or more times had a higher mean score for the K-PCCS by 4.5 points [95% CI (1.9, 7.1), p<0.001] and 8.2 points [95% CI (5.2, 11.2), p<0.001].

Table 3 Predictors for knowledge, attitude, and practice toward palliative care consultation service among nurses (N = 284)
Full size table

Ward, experience of the death of friends or relatives, and frequency of contact with PCCS were important predictors for the A-PCCS after adjustment for potential confounders. Nurses in the obstetrics and gynecology wards, medical wards, surgical wards, and ICU had a lower mean score in the A-PCCS than those in the hematology and oncology wards by 3.5 points [95% CI (−6.5, −0.4), p<0.05], 4.1 points [95% CI (−6.3, −1.9), p<0.001], 3.6 points [95% CI (−5.9, −1.3, p<0.01], and 4.5 points [95% CI (−7.3, −1.6), p<0.01]. Nurses who have experienced the death of friends of family had higher mean scores than those who have not by 1.9 points [95% CI (0.1, 3.7), p<0.05]. Compared with the nurses who have never had contact with PCCS, those with 1–4 times and 5 or more times showed an increased mean score for the A-PCCS by 1.9 points [95% CI (0, 3.8), p<0.05] and 3.2 points [95% CI (1.0, 5.4), p<0.01].

Participation in education related to palliative care and frequency of contact with PCCS were significant predictors of the P-PCCS among nurses. Nurses who have participated in education related to palliative care had a higher mean score for the P-PCCS than those who have never participated in relevant education by 1.7 points [95% CI (−0.04, 3.4), p<0.05]. Compared with the nurses who have never had contact with PCCS, those with 5 or more times had a higher mean score for the P-PCCS by 6.0 points [95% CI (3.3, 8.7), p<0.001].

Path modeling of knowledge, attitude, and practice

The path modeling demonstrated that having a master’s degree significantly affected practice through knowledge and attitude compared to colleagues with an undergraduate degree (Coefficients = 0.169, p = 0.004). The model also showed that educational level, marital status, ward, and the frequency of contact with PCCS directly affected practice. The relationships between bachelor/junior college (Coefficients = 0.176, p = 0.003), master’s/junior college (Coefficients = 0.376, p < 0.001) and practice were significant by standardized coefficient estimates for the paths. Being married was significantly negative in relation to practice compared to being single (Coefficients = −0.124, p = 0.037). Working in a medical ward (Coefficients = −0.324, p < 0.001), surgical ward (Coefficients = −0.232, p < 0.001), or ICU ward (Coefficients = −0.293, p < 0.001) were also significantly negative in relation to practice compared to working in a hematology or oncology ward. In addition, comparison of nurses who had never contacted PCCS, with those who had contacted PCCS for 1–4 times showed a positive significant correlation with practice (Coefficients = 0.220, p < 0.001). The above data are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 Path modeling for knowledge, attitude, and practice toward palliative care consultation service among nurses (N = 284)
Full size table

Discussion

Factors affecting the KAP-PCCS among nurses

This study found that working within a haematology and oncology ward, participation in education related to palliative care and frequency of contact with PCCS were positive predictors of knowledge towards PCCS. Most recent studies suggest that participation in palliative care education programs, years of nursing experience, working in an oncology ward, having a close family member or friend who had used palliative care services, and palliative care integration into the health-care system of the country were positively associated with knowledge of palliative care among nurses [14, 18,19,20]. Regarding the knowledge aspect of their practice, the majority of nurses reported that recognition of palliative care needs often occurred at the terminal stage, and then was carefully taken into consideration while dealing with the spiritual and medical needs of the patient [13]. Nurses who had received training in palliative care and perceived themselves to be knowledgeable in palliative care demonstrated increased awareness of palliative care and could improve the quality of care in terminally ill patients [21, 22]. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the need for terminal care education in nurse training programs and provide continuing end-of-life nursing care education to strengthen non-specialist wards in end-of-life care knowledge.

This study found that working in a haematology and oncology ward, experience of a family member or friend who had died, and frequency of contact with PCCS were significant positive predictors of the attitude of staff towards PCCS. Several studies have demonstrated groups of staff who have a more favourable attitude toward palliative care. This includes: 1) age – older; 2) marital status - being married; 3) education - having a higher degree; 4) longer time working in an oncology or medical ward; 5) participation in palliative care training courses; 6) had worked in nursing for a longer duration; 7) experience in caring for patients and their families at end-of-life. Integration of palliative care into the health-care system also influenced attitudes towards palliative care of staff [14, 18, 20, 23,24,25]. Therefore, nurses’ knowledge and attitude toward palliative care have critical implications on the quality of care for terminally ill patients. Lack of knowledge and skill among nurses prevent effective care for end-stage cancer patients. Based on this evidence, it can be inferred that receiving education in palliative care or palliative related training programs reinforces a more positive attitude toward palliative care.

Nurses’ involvement in proactive palliative care is important in supporting patients’ palliative care management. As indicated by the results of this study, participation in education related to palliative care and frequency of contact with PCCS are important predictors affecting nursing practice regarding PCCS. White and Coyne examined the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding end-of-life care among 714 oncology nurses and indicated that continuing education regarding palliative care was important for improving their clinical practice [26]. Therefore, we recommend incorporating palliative care into the nursing training program to increase knowledge and improve attitude and practice regarding PCCS amongst nurses. This will help ensure that end-stage patients receive more comprehensive palliative care, ultimately improving the quality of life of terminally ill patients.

Path modeling of knowledge, attitude, and practice

Path analysis is a method for examining causal patterns among a set of variables [27]. The results of our path analysis indicated that bachelor degree or above, being single, working in a haematology and oncology ward, and frequency of contact with PCCS had positive direct effects on liaison with PCCS. Having a master’s degree had a positive, although indirect effect, on nurse practice through the influence on knowledge and attitude. This implies that nursing staff with a higher educational level would have more knowledge about PCCS, which indirectly resulted in more favorable attitude and better practice toward PCCS. A previous study indicated that knowledge of palliative care was associated with attitude and coping with the death of terminally ill patients, while attitude was related to coping practices. Nurses’ attitudes and coping skills were related to preparedness to practice in palliative care [13]. According to the KAP theory, practice is an individual’s response to stimulation. It is an actual presentation that is closely related to an individual’s knowledge and attitudes [28]. As lack of knowledge has some influence on nursing staff attitude and practice toward PCCS, we suggest that education is especially important in changing these attitudes and practices.

Being single was associated with positive direct effects on practice towards PCCS in this study. A prior study indicated that single nurses had better attitudes toward palliative care than married nurses in south-east Iran [23]. However, this result was different from another similar study amongst Korean nurses [24]. Nurses working in a haematology and oncology ward were influenced in their practice more by PCCS than those work worked in medical and surgical wards and the ICU. It is likely that nurses working in a haematology and oncology ward had more opportunities to experience how to take care of terminal patients in their daily practice, which may help them to refer patients to PCCS specialists. The frequency of contact with the PCCS also positively influenced practice and interaction with the PCCS. In our clinical practice, the primary nurse who contacted the PCCS team members could discuss the terminal patients’ condition with them directly. Non-specialist ward nurses reported a lack of training in relation to cancer care which could impede the ability to provide high quality nursing care to patients with cancer diagnoses. In addition, emotional support and communication ability with patients and their families could also distress non-specialist nurses. Therefore, it is important that the practice of contacting PCCS team members to learn and develop clinical ability is encouraged. This would assist in providing supportive and holistic care for both patients and their families.

Limitations and recommendations

This study has a number of limitations. First, the KAP-PCCSI was a nurse-reported assessment tool. Because of differences between Chinese and Western cultures, Taiwanese nursing staff may be reluctant to report their true opinions because of concern about being different to colleagues. As a result, KAP-PCCSI might be over-reported by nurses and the true referral rate of PCCS was unknown. Second, as our study population was a convenience sample and limited to one medical center, the generalizability of our findings is limited. Third, this study used a cross-sectional design, meaning that change in KAP-PCCS over time was not investigated. Finally, nursing staff working in a haematology and oncology ward know how to treat patients with oncology diagnoses, have basic concepts of palliative care and receive the best training programs in order to become a haematology and oncology nurse. However, it does not necessarily mean these programs will assist them to provide the best palliative care for patients, particularly for those diagnosed with a non-cancer illness.

Based on the results of this study, future research directions are indicated. First, studies using additional empirical assessment tools or calculating referral rate of PCCS are needed to determine the KAP-PCCS level. Second, random sampling and large sample research in Taiwan is needed to confirm our findings. Third, studies using a longitudinal design are needed to explore the changes in KAP-PCCS among nursing staff. Finally, extra training in palliative care and access to PPCS is integral to nurses providing the best palliative care for patients.

Conclusions

This study suggest that working within a haematology and oncology ward, participation in education related to palliative care, and frequency of contact with PCCS were significantly predictors of knowledge toward PCCS. Working in an haematology and oncology ward, experience of death of friends or family, and frequency of contact with PCCS were significantly predictors of attitude towards PCCS. Finally, participation in education related to palliative care and frequency of contact with a PCCS were the key predictors in relation towards practice and interaction with a PCCS. In addition, holding a master’s degree indirectly affected practice through knowledge and attitude. Holding a bachelor degree or above, being single, working within a haematology and oncology ward, and frequency of contact with PCCS directly influenced practice regarding palliative care. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest nurses should have access to a PCCS team for consultation and the opportunity to discuss patients with requiring palliative care. This may allow nurses to appreciate the importance of palliative care, improve palliative nursing practices, and enhance the quality of care for patients receiving end-of-life-care.

Abbreviations

A-PCCSI:

Attitude regarding PCCS inventory

CI:

Confidence interval

CVI:

Content validity index

HemaOnco:

Hematology and oncology

ICU:

Intensive care unit

KAP:

Knowledge, attitude, and practice

KAP-PCCSI:

Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding PCCS inventory

K-PCCSI:

Knowledge regarding PCCS inventory

ObsGyn:

Obstetrics and gynecology

PCCS:

Palliative care consultation service

P-PCCSI:

Practice regarding PCCS inventory

Q1:

25% quartiles

Q2:

50% quartiles

Q3:

75% quartiles

SD:

Standard deviation

References

  1. Ministry of Health and Welfar. 2014 statistics of causes of death. 2015 Available from: http://www.mohw.gov.tw/EN/Ministry/Statistic.aspx?f_list_no=474&fod_list_no=5653.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chen RC. Hospice palliative care policy in Taiwan: past developments and future perspectives. Hu Li Za Zhi. 2015;62(2):13–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization. Palliative care. 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs402/en/.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Chou WC, Hung YS, Kao CY, Su PJ, Hsieh CH, Chen JS, Liau CT, Lin YC, Liaw CC, Wang HM. Impact of palliative care consultative service on disease awareness for patients with terminal cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(7):1973–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Chang PM, Liu YY, Chao TC, Lin HL, Chen MB, Chen PM, Chiou TJ. A new hospice consulting system for terminal cancer patients in transferring to post-acute care options in Taiwan. Eur J Cancer Care. 2010;19(2):267–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wu LF, Chu CM, Chen YG, Ho CL, Pan HH. Relationship between palliative care consultation service and end-of-life outcomes. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(1):53–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lin WY, Chiu TY, Ho CT, Davidson LE, Hsu HS, Liu CS, Chiu CF, Peng CT, Chen CY, Hu WY, et al. Hospice shared-care saved medical expenditure and reduced the likelihood of intensive medical utilization among advanced cancer patients in Taiwan--a nationwide survey. Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(7):1907–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Miyashita M, Hirai K, Morita T, Sanjo M, Uchitomi Y. Barriers to referral to inpatient palliative care units in Japan: a qualitative survey with content analysis. Support Care Cancer. 2008;16(3):217–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Boyd D, Merkh K, Rutledge DN, Randall V. Nurses’ perceptions and experiences with end-of-life communication and care. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2011;38(3):E229–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Skar R. Knowledge use in nursing practice: the importance of practical understanding and personal involvement. Nurse Educ Today. 2010;30(2):132–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Gill F, Duffy A. Caring for cancer patients on non-specialist wards. Br J Nurs. 2010;19(12):761–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Coyne P, Paice JA, Ferrell BR, Malloy P, Virani R, Fennimore LA. Oncology end-of-life nursing education consortium training program: improving palliative care in cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2007;34(4):801–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kim S, Hwang WJ. Palliative care for those with heart failure: nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and preparedness to practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2014;13(2):124–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kassa H, Murugan R, Zewdu F, Hailu M, Woldeyohannes D. Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice and associated factors towards palliative care among nurses working in selected hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. BMC Palliat Care. 2014;13(1):6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Suen LK, Lai CK, Wong TK, Chow SK, Kong SK, Ho JY, Kong TK, Leung JS, Wong IY. Use of physical restraints in rehabilitation settings: staff knowledge, attitudes and predictors. J Adv Nurs. 2006;55(1):20–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Su LH, Huang ML, Lin YL, Wu CK, Lin FR, Lin HM, Huang SJ. Knowledge and attitudes of clinical nurses regarding end-of-life care: survey in a regional hospital in central Taiwan. Taiwan J Hospice Pallia Care. 2008;13(4):431–46.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chou HH, Lee S, Luo HY, Chou YC, Chang MF. Knowledge, attitude and willingness of nurses in a general hospital to participate in hospice care. Chung Shan Medical J. 2006;17(1):23–32.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Abudari G, Zahreddine H, Hazeim H, Assi MA, Emara S. Knowledge of and attitudes towards palliative care among multinational nurses in Saudi Arabia. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2014;20(9):435–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Cramer LD, McCorkle R, Cherlin E, Johnson-Hurzeler R, Bradley EH. Nurses’ attitudes and practice related to hospice care. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2003;35(3):249–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Abu-Saad Huijer H, Abboud S, Dimassi H. Palliative care in Lebanon: knowledge, attitudes and practices. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2009;15(7):346–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chiang CI, Chen NW, Huang TW. Exploring nursing staff awareness of and analyzing barriers to hospice care for terminal cancer patients. Cheng Ching Med J. 2013;9(3):15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Iranmanesh S, Razban F, Tirgari B, Zahra G. Nurses’ knowledge about palliative care in Southeast Iran. Palliat Support Care. 2014;12(3):203–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Razban F, Iranmanesh S, Rafiei H. Nurses’ attitudes toward palliative care in south-east Iran. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2013;19(8):403–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Park KS, Yeom HA. Factors influencing Korean nurses’ attitudes towards hospice care. Int Nurs Rev. 2014;61(4):563–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lange M, Thom B, Kline NE. Assessing nurses’ attitudes toward death and caring for dying patients in a comprehensive cancer center. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008;35(6):955–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. White KR, Coyne PJ. Nurses’ perceptions of educational gaps in delivering end-of-life care. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2011;38(6):711–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Stage FK, Carter HC, Nora A. Path analysis: an Introduction and analysis of a decade of research. J Educ Res. 2004;98(1):5–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Badran IG. Knowledge, attitude and practice the three pillars of excellence and wisdom: a place in the medical profession. East Mediterr Health J. 1995;1(1):8–16.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to the participant in the study. We also thank the staff of the Department of Nursing for their dedicated help and assistance with participant recruitment.

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the Taiwan Nurses Association (TWNA-1032041).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets analyzed during the current study are available from the first and corresponding author on reasonable request.

Author information

Author notes

    Authors and Affiliations

    1. School of Nursing, National Defense Medical Center, No.161, Sec. 6, Minquan E. Rd., Neihu Dist., Taipei City, 114, Taiwan

      Hsueh-Hsing Pan, Li-Fen Wu, Yu-Chun Hung & Kwua-Yun Wang

    2. Department of Nursing, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan

      Hsueh-Hsing Pan, Hsiu-Ling Shih, Li-Fen Wu & Yu-Chun Hung

    3. School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City, Taiwan

      Chi-Ming Chu

    4. Department of Nursing, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan

      Kwua-Yun Wang

    5. School of Nursing, Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

      Kwua-Yun Wang

    Authors
    1. Hsueh-Hsing Pan
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    2. Hsiu-Ling Shih
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    3. Li-Fen Wu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    4. Yu-Chun Hung
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    5. Chi-Ming Chu
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    6. Kwua-Yun Wang
      View author publications

      You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

    Contributions

    HH and KY developed and designed the study, drafted and revised the manuscript. HL carried out the recruitment of study participants. LF and YC participated in data collection. Data were coded and analyzed by HH and CM, and then reviewed by KY. All authors read versions of the manuscript and approved the final version.

    Corresponding author

    Correspondence to Hsueh-Hsing Pan.

    Ethics declarations

    Ethics approval and consent to participate

    The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tri-Service General Hospital (IRB 2–102–05-128), and all participants provided informed written consent.

    Consent for publication

    Not applicable.

    Competing interests

    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    Publisher’s Note

    Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

    Rights and permissions

    Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

    Reprints and permissions

    About this article

    Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

    Cite this article

    Pan, HH., Shih, HL., Wu, LF. et al. Path modeling of knowledge, attitude and practice toward palliative care consultation service among Taiwanese nursing staff: a cross-sectional study. BMC Palliat Care 16, 42 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0228-6

    Download citation

    • Received:

    • Accepted:

    • Published:

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-017-0228-6

    Keywords

    BMC Palliative Care

    ISSN: 1472-684X

    Contact us