Bereaved family members’ perceptions of the quality of end-of-life care across four types of inpatient care settings

Table 3 Multivariate regression analysis

Independent variables	CANHELP Total	Characteristics of doctors and nurses	Illness management	Health services characteristics	Communication and decision making	Relationships with others	Spirituality and meaning
Care setting (ref = palliative)
ECU	−0.10	−0.15	0.04	−0.13	−0.21	−0.06	0.00
ICU	0.11	0.06	0.32	0.08	0.19	0.06	−0.35
MCU	−0.33*	−0.39*	−0.30*	−0.39*	−0.43*	−0.08	−0.27*
Care recipient characteristics
Age (years)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01
Gender (ref = male)	0.02	0.00	−0.05	0.05	0.04	0.11	0.02
Diagnosis (cancer versus not)^a	0.02	0.04	0.10	0.19	−0.07	0.02	−0.07
Family member characteristics
Age (years)	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.01*	0.00
Gender (ref = male)	−0.10	−0.14	−0.15	−0.03	−0.19*	0.06	0.10
Employment status^a	−0.12	−0.07	−0.14	−0.29*	−0.10	−0.09	−0.12
Relationship to patient
Husband/wife (ref = ‘other’)	−0.01	−0.07	0.09	0.19	−0.01	−0.14	−0.10
Parent/parent in law (ref = ‘other’)	−0.09	−0.03	0.02	0.04	−0.22	−0.22	−0.09
Provided care^a	0.14	0.14	0.13	0.08	0.24*	−0.02	0.09
Lived with care recipient^a	−0.10	0.03	−0.08	0.03	−0.20	−0.31*	−0.02
Psychological variables of family members
Optimism (possible range of 0 to 4)	0.09	0.05	0.15*	0.03	0.03	0.11	0.23*
Resilience (possible range of 1 to 7)	0.21*	0.20*	0.18*	0.14*	0.22*	0.25*	0.27*
Grief (possible range of 1 to 6)	0.01	−0.03	−0.03	0.01	0.00	0.11*	0.11*
R-square	18.90%	11.80%	14.10%	16.20%	15.30%	27.80%	19.50%

Note. Unstandardized regression coefficients. ^ayes versus no (referent). *p < .05 (bolded values)

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