Table 2 Quantitative studies
Author | Participants | Intervention | Control | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Design RCT | ||||
Warth, et al. [3](Germany) | N = 84 Mean age 63 Inpatient | MTs × 2 Not patient-centered MT | Listened to a verbal relaxation exercise | Subjective improved relaxation, well-being and fatigue-subscale. Increase in high-frequency oscillations of the heart rate. MT was not found to contribute to acute pain reduction. |
Gutgsell, et al. [21] (USA) | N = 200 Mean age 56 Inpatient | MTs × 1, therapist-guided relaxation | Relax no instructions | Decline of pain |
Clements-Cortes [34] (Canada) | N = 40 Age 40–95 Inpatient | MTs Individualized | Individualized taped MTs | Pain reduction and enhancement of physical comfort. |
Horne-Thompson & Grocke, [22](Australia) | N = 25 Age 18–90 Inpatient | MTs ×1 Individualized active and receptive | Volunteer visit | Reduction in anxiety, pain, tiredness and drowsiness. No significant effect in a decrease in heart rate. |
Hilliard, [24] (USA) | N = 80 Mean age 65 Outpatient | MTs × 2 (− 13) individualized | TAU | Improved QoL No significant differences on functional status or length of life. |
Pre-Post Design | ||||
Domingo et al. [19] (Spain) | N = 68 Mean age 73 Inpatient | MTs × 4 in group individualized music/songwriting | TAU Not by random | Effect emotional distress and well-being. No significant effect of pain observed. |
Nakayama et al. [20] (Japan) | N = 10 Mean age 73 Inpatient | MT Small group with mainly receptive method. | No | Lowering of salivary cortisol levels Decreased symptoms of anxiety and depression. No change in fatigue levels |
Gallagher et al. [23] (USA) | N = 200 24–87 years Inpatient | MTs × 1 individualized | No | Improvements in anxiety, body movement, facial expression, mood, pain, shortness of breath, and verbalizations. |
Krout, [39] (USA) | N = 80 Age 38–97 In/out patient | MTs × 1 individualized active and receptive | No | Effect in observed and self-reported pain control, physical comfort, and relaxation. |