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Table 2 Characteristics of residents in long-term care facilities in Canada at baseline in 2015 (N = 185,715)

From: Hospice use and one-year survivorship of residents in long-term care facilities in Canada: a cohort study

Variables

Total population, N = 185,715

Did not receive hospice care

Received hospice care

p-value

Alive after 1 year, 68.8%, N = 127,761

Died within 1 year, 28.5%, N = 52,981

Alive after 1 year, 0.3%, N = 556

Died within 1 year, 2.4%, N = 4417

Determinants 1: Predisposing Characteristics

 Age Group (in years)

< 0.0001

  19–64

7.6 (14,055)

9.2 (11,790)

3.0 (1574)

15.1 (84)

13.7 (607)

  65–74

11.0 (20,509)

12.7 (161,66)

6.7 (3535)

17.1 (95)

16.1 (713)

  75–84

27.2 (50,483)

28.6 (36,490)

23.9 (12,647)

28.6 (136)

23. 9 (1210)

  85–94

43.9 (81,435)

41.4 (52,922)

50.6 (26,814)

33.6 (187)

34.2 (1512)

  95+

10.4 (19,233)

8.1 (10,393)

15.9 (8411)

9.7 (54)

8.5 (375)

 Female Sex

65.8 (122,145)

66.8 (85,289)

64.2 (33,963)

60.3 (335)

57.9 (2558)

< 0.0001

 Marital Status

< 0.0001

  Never Married

10.3 (16,647)

11.6 (13,129)

6.9 (3069)

8.3 (42)

10.3 (407)

  Married

27.5 (44,546)

27.1 (30,637)

27.2 (12,122)

36.9 (187)

40.5 (1600)

  Widowed

51.6 (83,583)

49.7 (56,137)

57.4 (25,612)

44.0 (233)

40.7 (1611)

  Separated

3.1 (5017)

3.3 (3683)

2.8 (1238)

2.2 (11)

2.2 (85)

  Divorced

7.6 (12,337)

8.4 (9478)

5.8 (2564)

8.7 (44)

6.4 (251)

 Primary Language Spoken

83.6 (155,309)

82.5 (105,345)

86.3 (45,694)

83.6 (465)

86.1 (3805)

< 0.0001

  English

2.5 (4560)

2.5 (3245)

2.1 (1112)

4.9 (27)

4.0 (176)

  French

13.9 (25,846)

15.0 (19,171)

11.7 (6175)

11.5 (64)

9.9 (436)

 Education

< 0.0001

  8th Grade or Less

28.5 (33,527)

28.6 (23,158)

28.5 (9877)

28.1 (62)

25.6 (430)

  9th Grade-High School

44.0 (36,767)

43.9 (35,522)

44.5 (15,428)

37.1 (82)

43.2 (725)

  Technical/Trade School/College

16.7 (19,666)

16.8 (13,608)

16.5 (5704

22.6 (50)

18.1 (304)

  Bachelor’s or Higher Degree

10.7 (12,596)

10.7 (8694)

10.5 (3654)

12.2 (27)

13.2 (221)

 Advance Directives

< 0.0001

  Do Not Resuscitate

89.8 (137,001)

76.6 (92,034)

89.4 (44,946)

92.5 (457)

89.4 (3614)

  Do Not Hospitalize

35.7 (62,244)

30.7 (36,710)

45.4 (22,753)

58.0 (282)

62.7 (2499)

Determinants 2: Enabling Characteristics

 Province

< 0.0001

  Alberta

10.0 (18,505)

8.8 (11,236)

13.4 (7097)

1.3 (7)

3.7 (165)

  British Columbia

16.3 (30,288)

15.3 (19,494)

20.2 (10,695)

3.2 (18)

1.8 (81)

  Ontario

62.8 (116,552)

65.8 (84,114)

52.5 (27,796)

92.8 (516)

93.4 (4126)

  Other Provinces

11.0 (20,370)

10.2 (12,917)

14.1 (7393)

2.7 (15)

1.1 (45)

 Urban Facility

85.2 (158,246)

86.0 (109,860)

82.6 (43,715)

93.2 (518)

940 (4153)

< 0.0001

 Facility Neighbourhood Income Quintile

< 0.0001

  Lowest (QAIPPE = 1)

26.1 (48,213)

26.4 (33,511)

26.4 (13,928)

15.5 (86)

15.6 (688)

  Low (QAIPPE = 2)

19.1 (35,280)

18.9 (24,016)

18.8 (9901)

25.2 (140)

27.8 (1233)

  Medium (QAIPPE = 3)

20.4 (37,655)

20.4 (25,833)

20.7 (10,893)

18.2 (101)

18.8 (828)

  High (QAIPPE = 4)

18.9 (34912)

19.1 (24,214)

18.4 (9691)

29.0 (161)

19.2 (846)

  Highest (QAIPPE = 5)

15.4 (28,497)

15.2 (19,293)

15.8 (8320)

12.1 (67)

18.6 (817)

Determinants 3: Need Characteristics

 Change in Cognitive Status

< 0.0001

  No Change

85.9 (159,103)

90.2 (115,121)

79.6 (41,951)

69.2 (384)

38.9 (1647)

  Improved

1.8 (3349)

2.0 (2515)

1.5 (779)

2.2 (12)

1.0 (43)

  Deteriorated

12.3 (22,683)

7.8 (9985)

19.0 (9995)

28.7 (159)

60.1 (2544)

 Cognition

< 0.0001

  No-Mild Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 0–1)

22.3 (41,329)

25.6 (32,689)

14.3 (7552)

29.1 (162)

21.0 (926)

  Moderate Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 2–4)

55.5 (103,097)

56.9 (72,660)

53.3 (28,240)

47.8 (266)

43.7 (1931)

  Severe Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 5–6)

22.2 (41,289)

17.5 (22,412)

32.4 (17,189)

23.0 (128)

35.3 (1560)

 Change in Communication

< 0.0001

  No Change

91.9 (170,042)

95.1 (121,307)

86.3 (45,737)

83.4 (462)

59.9 (2535)

  Improved

0.7 (1212)

0.7 (918)

0.5 (272)

1.3 (7)

0.4 (15)

  Deteriorated

7.5 (13,881)

4.2 (5396)

12.7 (6716)

15.3 (85)

39.8 (1684)

 Change in Mood

< 0.0001

  No Change

82.4 (152,576)

85.0 (108,505)

78.9 (41,592)

66.2 (368)

49.9 (2111)

  Improved

5.1 (9465)

5.3 (6772)

4.8 (2518)

4.7 (26)

3.5 (149)

  Deteriorated

12.5 (23,094)

9.7 (12,344)

16.3 (8615)

29.0 (161)

46.6 (1974)

 Depression

< 0.0001

  No Depressive Symptoms (DRS = 0)

41.0 (75,838)

43.2 (55,161)

36.1 (19,043)

41.6 (231)

33.1 (1403)

  Some Depressive Symptoms (DRS = 1–2)

30.3 (56,163)

29.5 (37,633)

32.2 (16,996)

28.7 (159)

33.2 (1405)

  Mild Depressive Disorder (DRS = 3–5)

19.8 (36,669)

19.1 (24,364)

21.1 (11,129)

23.4 (130)

24.7 (1046)

  Moderate-Severe Depressive Disorder (DRS = 6–14)

8.9 (16,465)

8.2 (10,463)

10.6 (5587)

6.3 (35)

9.0 (380)

 Change in Behavior Symptom

< 0.0001

  No Change

85.0 (157,437)

87.3 (111,368)

81.2 (43,796)

78.2 (434)

67.1 (2839)

  Improved

4.4 (8181)

4.3 (5487)

4.7 (2486)

6.0 (33)

4.1 (175)

  Deteriorated

10.5 (19,517)

8.4 (10,766)

14.1 (7443)

15.9 (88)

28.8 (1220)

 Aggressive Behavior

< 0.0001

  No Signs of Aggression (ABS = 0)

58.9 (108,962)

60.8 (77,594)

53.8 (28,345)

68.2 (379)

62.5 (2644)

  Mild to Moderate Aggression (ABS = 1–4)

33.0 (61,091)

31.6 (40,337)

36.4 (19,209)

27.9 (155)

32.8 (1390)

  Severe Aggression (ABS = 5–12)

8.2 (15,082)

7.6 (9690)

9.8 (5171)

3.8 (21)

4.7 (200)

 Social Engagement

< 0.0001

  No to Low Social Engagement (ISE = 0–1)

27.3 (50,606)

21.4 (27,303)

39.0 (20,645)

36.9 (205)

55.5 (2453)

  Moderate Social Engagement (ISE = 2–4)

52.5 (97,572)

54.4 (69,529)

49.4 (26,177)

46.0 (256)

36.5 (1610)

  High Social Engagement (ISE = 5–6)

20.2 (37,537)

24.2 (88,883)

11.6 (6159)

17.1 (95)

8.0 (354)

 Change in Physical Function

< 0.0001

  No Change

74.6 (138,594)

79.2 (101,127)

68.6 (169,087)

46.8 (260)

19.3 (854)

  Improved

4.5 (8382)

5.6 (7130)

2.2 (1184)

5.9 (33)

0.8 (35)

  Deteriorated

20.9 (38,739)

15.3 (19,504)

29.2 (15,444)

47.3 (263)

79.9 (3528)

 Physical Function

< 0.0001

  No Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 0)

4.2 (7774)

5.3 (6817)

1.8 (927)

3.6 (20)

0.2 (10)

  Mild Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 1–2)

16.7 (31,052)

20.3 (25,930)

9.1 (4836)

15.1 (84)

4.6 (202)

  Moderate Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 3–4)

44.4 (82,424)

47.5 (60,706)

39.2 (20,755)

29.7 (165)

18.1 (798)

  Severe Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 5–6)

34.7 (64,465)

26.9 (34,308)

50.0 (26,463)

51.6 (287)

77.1 (3407)

 Bowel Continence

< 0.0001

  Continent

34.9 (64,768)

40.9 (52,279)

21.8 (11,545)

31.7 (176)

17.4 (768)

  Usually Continent

11.8 (21,915)

12.3 (15,712)

10.8 (5745)

10.1 (56)

9.1 (402)

  Occasionally continent

8.0 (14,876)

8.0 (10,161)

8.4 (4425)

5.2 (29)

5.9 (261)

  Frequently Continent

15.0 (27,873)

14.2 (18,177)

17.1 (9036)

11.2 (62)

13.5 (598)

  Incontinent

30.3 (27,873)

24.6 (31,432)

42.0 (22,230)

41.9 (233)

54.1 (2388)

 Bladder Continence

< 0.0001

  Continent

20.7 (38,469)

22.9 (29,197)

14.2 (7512)

38.5 (214)

35.0 (1546)

  Usually Continent

8.6 (15,941)

9.6 (12,304)

6.3 (3310)

8.1 (45)

6.4 (262)

  Occasionally continent

9.9 (18,317)

10.8 (13,795)

7.8 (4149)

7.0 (39)

7.6 (334)

  Frequently Continent

24.5 (45,548)

25.6 (32,656)

23.1 (12,234)

13.1 (73)

13.2 (585)

  Incontinent

36.3 (67,440)

31.2 (39,809)

48.7 (25,776)

33.3 (185)

37.8 (1670)

 Change in Urinary Continence

< 0.0001

  No Change

85.8 (159,362)

88.2 (112,711)

83.1 (44,026)

71.2 (396)

50.5 (2229)

  Improved

2.8 (5199)

3.1 (3892)

2.0 (1083)

5.2 (29)

4.4 (195)

  Deteriorated

11.4 (21,154)

8.7 (11,158)

14.9 (7872)

23.6 (131)

45.1 (1993)

 Pain Symptoms Frequency

< 0.0001

  No Pain

60.5 (112,389)

63.5 (81,083)

56.8 (30,110)

35.8 (199)

22.6 (997)

  Pain Less Than Daily

24.8 (45,980)

23.8 (30,391)

25.9 (13,702)

34.2 (190)

38.4 (1697)

  Pain Daily

14.7 (27,346)

12.8 (16,287)

17.3 (9169)

30.0 (167)

39.0 (1723)

 Pain Symptoms Intensity

< 0.0001

  Mild Pain

45.7 (33,523)

48.6 (22,702)

42.9 (9.813)

32.2 (115)

26.1 (893)

  Moderate Pain

46.1 (33,791)

44.5 (20,781)

47.6 (10,880)

54.6 (195)

56.6 (1935)

  Severe Pain

8.2 (6012)

6.8 (3195)

9.5 (2178)

13.2 (47)

17.3 (593)

 Pain

< 0.0001

  No Pain (Pain Scale = 0)

60.5 (112,389)

63.5 (81,083)

56.8 (30,110)

35.8 (199)

22.6 (997)

  Mild-Moderate Pain (Pain Scale = 1–2)

37.2 (68,997)

34.9 (44,540)

40.1 (21,219)

57.2 (318)

66.1 (2920)

  Severe Pain (Pain Scale = 3)

2.3 (4329)

1.7 (2138)

3.1 (1652)

7.0 (39)

11.3 (500)

 Weight Loss

11.0 (18,973)

7.3 (8719)

17.7 (8838)

28.3 (128)

40.4 (1288)

< 0.0001

 Leaves Food Uneaten

33.3 (61,836)

26.0 (33,250)

47.0 (24,911)

50.9 (283)

76.8 (3392)

< 0.0001

 Pressure Ulcer Risk

< 0.0001

  No Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 0)

19.0 (34,861)

23.8 (30,126)

8.8 (4595)

9.2 (51)

2.0 (89)

  Mild Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 1–2)

33.1 (60,827)

36.5 (46,254)

26.5 (13,858)

27.9 (154)

12.8 (561)

  Moderate Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 3)

31.0 (57,005)

28.(36,406)

36.8 (19,276)

30.4 (168)

26.3 (1155)

  High Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 4–5)

15.4 (28,401)

10.1 (12,797)

25.1 (13,152)

30.2 (167)

51.9 (2285)

  Very High Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 6–8)

1.6 (2847)

0.8 (1041)

2.8 (1483)

2.4 (13)

7.1 (310)

 Health Instability

< 0.0001

  No Indication of Health Instability (CHESS = 0)

40.7 (75,639)

48.1 (61,422)

26.7 (14,127)

10.4 (58)

0.7 (32)

  Mild Health Instability (CHESS = 1–2)

47.0 (87,227)

46.4 (59,239)

51.4 (27,228)

39.0 (217)

12.3 (12.3)

  Moderate-Severe Health Instability (CHESS = 3–5)

12.3 (22,849)

5.6 (7100)

21.9 (11,626)

50.5 (281)

87.0 (3842)

 Number of CAPs Triggered

< 0.0001

  0

0.7 (1228)

0.6 (763)

0.8 (434)

1.4 (8)

0.5 (23)

  1–5

51.9 (96,344)

54.7 (69,938)

46.4 (24,579)

45.5 (253)

35.6 (1574)

  6–10

45.5 (84,412)

43.2 (55,197)

49.8 (26,387)

49.8 (277)

57.8 (2551)

  11–16

1.6 (3009)

1.1 (1456)

2.4 (1266)

3.2 (18)

6.1 (269)

  1. Other provinces include Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Yukon. QAIPPE denotes Quintile of Adjusted Income per Person Equivalent, CPS denotes Cognitive Performance Scale, DRS denotes Depression Rating Scale, ABS denotes Aggressive Behavior Scale, ISE denotes Index of Social Engagement, ADL-H denotes Activities of Daily Living Hierarchy, PURS denotes Pressure Ulcer Risk Scale, CHESS denotes Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease, Signs, and Symptoms Scale