Variables | Total population, N = 185,715 | Did not receive hospice care | Received hospice care | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alive after 1 year, 68.8%, N = 127,761 | Died within 1 year, 28.5%, N = 52,981 | Alive after 1 year, 0.3%, N = 556 | Died within 1 year, 2.4%, N = 4417 | |||
Determinants 1: Predisposing Characteristics | ||||||
 Age Group (in years) | < 0.0001 | |||||
  19–64 | 7.6 (14,055) | 9.2 (11,790) | 3.0 (1574) | 15.1 (84) | 13.7 (607) | |
  65–74 | 11.0 (20,509) | 12.7 (161,66) | 6.7 (3535) | 17.1 (95) | 16.1 (713) | |
  75–84 | 27.2 (50,483) | 28.6 (36,490) | 23.9 (12,647) | 28.6 (136) | 23. 9 (1210) | |
  85–94 | 43.9 (81,435) | 41.4 (52,922) | 50.6 (26,814) | 33.6 (187) | 34.2 (1512) | |
  95+ | 10.4 (19,233) | 8.1 (10,393) | 15.9 (8411) | 9.7 (54) | 8.5 (375) | |
 Female Sex | 65.8 (122,145) | 66.8 (85,289) | 64.2 (33,963) | 60.3 (335) | 57.9 (2558) | < 0.0001 |
 Marital Status | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Never Married | 10.3 (16,647) | 11.6 (13,129) | 6.9 (3069) | 8.3 (42) | 10.3 (407) | |
  Married | 27.5 (44,546) | 27.1 (30,637) | 27.2 (12,122) | 36.9 (187) | 40.5 (1600) | |
  Widowed | 51.6 (83,583) | 49.7 (56,137) | 57.4 (25,612) | 44.0 (233) | 40.7 (1611) | |
  Separated | 3.1 (5017) | 3.3 (3683) | 2.8 (1238) | 2.2 (11) | 2.2 (85) | |
  Divorced | 7.6 (12,337) | 8.4 (9478) | 5.8 (2564) | 8.7 (44) | 6.4 (251) | |
 Primary Language Spoken | 83.6 (155,309) | 82.5 (105,345) | 86.3 (45,694) | 83.6 (465) | 86.1 (3805) | < 0.0001 |
  English | 2.5 (4560) | 2.5 (3245) | 2.1 (1112) | 4.9 (27) | 4.0 (176) | |
  French | 13.9 (25,846) | 15.0 (19,171) | 11.7 (6175) | 11.5 (64) | 9.9 (436) | |
 Education | < 0.0001 | |||||
  8th Grade or Less | 28.5 (33,527) | 28.6 (23,158) | 28.5 (9877) | 28.1 (62) | 25.6 (430) | |
  9th Grade-High School | 44.0 (36,767) | 43.9 (35,522) | 44.5 (15,428) | 37.1 (82) | 43.2 (725) | |
  Technical/Trade School/College | 16.7 (19,666) | 16.8 (13,608) | 16.5 (5704 | 22.6 (50) | 18.1 (304) | |
  Bachelor’s or Higher Degree | 10.7 (12,596) | 10.7 (8694) | 10.5 (3654) | 12.2 (27) | 13.2 (221) | |
 Advance Directives | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Do Not Resuscitate | 89.8 (137,001) | 76.6 (92,034) | 89.4 (44,946) | 92.5 (457) | 89.4 (3614) | |
  Do Not Hospitalize | 35.7 (62,244) | 30.7 (36,710) | 45.4 (22,753) | 58.0 (282) | 62.7 (2499) | |
Determinants 2: Enabling Characteristics | ||||||
 Province | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Alberta | 10.0 (18,505) | 8.8 (11,236) | 13.4 (7097) | 1.3 (7) | 3.7 (165) | |
  British Columbia | 16.3 (30,288) | 15.3 (19,494) | 20.2 (10,695) | 3.2 (18) | 1.8 (81) | |
  Ontario | 62.8 (116,552) | 65.8 (84,114) | 52.5 (27,796) | 92.8 (516) | 93.4 (4126) | |
  Other Provinces | 11.0 (20,370) | 10.2 (12,917) | 14.1 (7393) | 2.7 (15) | 1.1 (45) | |
 Urban Facility | 85.2 (158,246) | 86.0 (109,860) | 82.6 (43,715) | 93.2 (518) | 940 (4153) | < 0.0001 |
 Facility Neighbourhood Income Quintile | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Lowest (QAIPPE = 1) | 26.1 (48,213) | 26.4 (33,511) | 26.4 (13,928) | 15.5 (86) | 15.6 (688) | |
  Low (QAIPPE = 2) | 19.1 (35,280) | 18.9 (24,016) | 18.8 (9901) | 25.2 (140) | 27.8 (1233) | |
  Medium (QAIPPE = 3) | 20.4 (37,655) | 20.4 (25,833) | 20.7 (10,893) | 18.2 (101) | 18.8 (828) | |
  High (QAIPPE = 4) | 18.9 (34912) | 19.1 (24,214) | 18.4 (9691) | 29.0 (161) | 19.2 (846) | |
  Highest (QAIPPE = 5) | 15.4 (28,497) | 15.2 (19,293) | 15.8 (8320) | 12.1 (67) | 18.6 (817) | |
Determinants 3: Need Characteristics | ||||||
 Change in Cognitive Status | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 85.9 (159,103) | 90.2 (115,121) | 79.6 (41,951) | 69.2 (384) | 38.9 (1647) | |
  Improved | 1.8 (3349) | 2.0 (2515) | 1.5 (779) | 2.2 (12) | 1.0 (43) | |
  Deteriorated | 12.3 (22,683) | 7.8 (9985) | 19.0 (9995) | 28.7 (159) | 60.1 (2544) | |
 Cognition | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No-Mild Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 0–1) | 22.3 (41,329) | 25.6 (32,689) | 14.3 (7552) | 29.1 (162) | 21.0 (926) | |
  Moderate Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 2–4) | 55.5 (103,097) | 56.9 (72,660) | 53.3 (28,240) | 47.8 (266) | 43.7 (1931) | |
  Severe Cognitive Impairment (CPS = 5–6) | 22.2 (41,289) | 17.5 (22,412) | 32.4 (17,189) | 23.0 (128) | 35.3 (1560) | |
 Change in Communication | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 91.9 (170,042) | 95.1 (121,307) | 86.3 (45,737) | 83.4 (462) | 59.9 (2535) | |
  Improved | 0.7 (1212) | 0.7 (918) | 0.5 (272) | 1.3 (7) | 0.4 (15) | |
  Deteriorated | 7.5 (13,881) | 4.2 (5396) | 12.7 (6716) | 15.3 (85) | 39.8 (1684) | |
 Change in Mood | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 82.4 (152,576) | 85.0 (108,505) | 78.9 (41,592) | 66.2 (368) | 49.9 (2111) | |
  Improved | 5.1 (9465) | 5.3 (6772) | 4.8 (2518) | 4.7 (26) | 3.5 (149) | |
  Deteriorated | 12.5 (23,094) | 9.7 (12,344) | 16.3 (8615) | 29.0 (161) | 46.6 (1974) | |
 Depression | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Depressive Symptoms (DRS = 0) | 41.0 (75,838) | 43.2 (55,161) | 36.1 (19,043) | 41.6 (231) | 33.1 (1403) | |
  Some Depressive Symptoms (DRS = 1–2) | 30.3 (56,163) | 29.5 (37,633) | 32.2 (16,996) | 28.7 (159) | 33.2 (1405) | |
  Mild Depressive Disorder (DRS = 3–5) | 19.8 (36,669) | 19.1 (24,364) | 21.1 (11,129) | 23.4 (130) | 24.7 (1046) | |
  Moderate-Severe Depressive Disorder (DRS = 6–14) | 8.9 (16,465) | 8.2 (10,463) | 10.6 (5587) | 6.3 (35) | 9.0 (380) | |
 Change in Behavior Symptom | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 85.0 (157,437) | 87.3 (111,368) | 81.2 (43,796) | 78.2 (434) | 67.1 (2839) | |
  Improved | 4.4 (8181) | 4.3 (5487) | 4.7 (2486) | 6.0 (33) | 4.1 (175) | |
  Deteriorated | 10.5 (19,517) | 8.4 (10,766) | 14.1 (7443) | 15.9 (88) | 28.8 (1220) | |
 Aggressive Behavior | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Signs of Aggression (ABS = 0) | 58.9 (108,962) | 60.8 (77,594) | 53.8 (28,345) | 68.2 (379) | 62.5 (2644) | |
  Mild to Moderate Aggression (ABS = 1–4) | 33.0 (61,091) | 31.6 (40,337) | 36.4 (19,209) | 27.9 (155) | 32.8 (1390) | |
  Severe Aggression (ABS = 5–12) | 8.2 (15,082) | 7.6 (9690) | 9.8 (5171) | 3.8 (21) | 4.7 (200) | |
 Social Engagement | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No to Low Social Engagement (ISE = 0–1) | 27.3 (50,606) | 21.4 (27,303) | 39.0 (20,645) | 36.9 (205) | 55.5 (2453) | |
  Moderate Social Engagement (ISE = 2–4) | 52.5 (97,572) | 54.4 (69,529) | 49.4 (26,177) | 46.0 (256) | 36.5 (1610) | |
  High Social Engagement (ISE = 5–6) | 20.2 (37,537) | 24.2 (88,883) | 11.6 (6159) | 17.1 (95) | 8.0 (354) | |
 Change in Physical Function | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 74.6 (138,594) | 79.2 (101,127) | 68.6 (169,087) | 46.8 (260) | 19.3 (854) | |
  Improved | 4.5 (8382) | 5.6 (7130) | 2.2 (1184) | 5.9 (33) | 0.8 (35) | |
  Deteriorated | 20.9 (38,739) | 15.3 (19,504) | 29.2 (15,444) | 47.3 (263) | 79.9 (3528) | |
 Physical Function | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 0) | 4.2 (7774) | 5.3 (6817) | 1.8 (927) | 3.6 (20) | 0.2 (10) | |
  Mild Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 1–2) | 16.7 (31,052) | 20.3 (25,930) | 9.1 (4836) | 15.1 (84) | 4.6 (202) | |
  Moderate Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 3–4) | 44.4 (82,424) | 47.5 (60,706) | 39.2 (20,755) | 29.7 (165) | 18.1 (798) | |
  Severe Functional Impairment (ADL-H = 5–6) | 34.7 (64,465) | 26.9 (34,308) | 50.0 (26,463) | 51.6 (287) | 77.1 (3407) | |
 Bowel Continence | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Continent | 34.9 (64,768) | 40.9 (52,279) | 21.8 (11,545) | 31.7 (176) | 17.4 (768) | |
  Usually Continent | 11.8 (21,915) | 12.3 (15,712) | 10.8 (5745) | 10.1 (56) | 9.1 (402) | |
  Occasionally continent | 8.0 (14,876) | 8.0 (10,161) | 8.4 (4425) | 5.2 (29) | 5.9 (261) | |
  Frequently Continent | 15.0 (27,873) | 14.2 (18,177) | 17.1 (9036) | 11.2 (62) | 13.5 (598) | |
  Incontinent | 30.3 (27,873) | 24.6 (31,432) | 42.0 (22,230) | 41.9 (233) | 54.1 (2388) | |
 Bladder Continence | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Continent | 20.7 (38,469) | 22.9 (29,197) | 14.2 (7512) | 38.5 (214) | 35.0 (1546) | |
  Usually Continent | 8.6 (15,941) | 9.6 (12,304) | 6.3 (3310) | 8.1 (45) | 6.4 (262) | |
  Occasionally continent | 9.9 (18,317) | 10.8 (13,795) | 7.8 (4149) | 7.0 (39) | 7.6 (334) | |
  Frequently Continent | 24.5 (45,548) | 25.6 (32,656) | 23.1 (12,234) | 13.1 (73) | 13.2 (585) | |
  Incontinent | 36.3 (67,440) | 31.2 (39,809) | 48.7 (25,776) | 33.3 (185) | 37.8 (1670) | |
 Change in Urinary Continence | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Change | 85.8 (159,362) | 88.2 (112,711) | 83.1 (44,026) | 71.2 (396) | 50.5 (2229) | |
  Improved | 2.8 (5199) | 3.1 (3892) | 2.0 (1083) | 5.2 (29) | 4.4 (195) | |
  Deteriorated | 11.4 (21,154) | 8.7 (11,158) | 14.9 (7872) | 23.6 (131) | 45.1 (1993) | |
 Pain Symptoms Frequency | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Pain | 60.5 (112,389) | 63.5 (81,083) | 56.8 (30,110) | 35.8 (199) | 22.6 (997) | |
  Pain Less Than Daily | 24.8 (45,980) | 23.8 (30,391) | 25.9 (13,702) | 34.2 (190) | 38.4 (1697) | |
  Pain Daily | 14.7 (27,346) | 12.8 (16,287) | 17.3 (9169) | 30.0 (167) | 39.0 (1723) | |
 Pain Symptoms Intensity | < 0.0001 | |||||
  Mild Pain | 45.7 (33,523) | 48.6 (22,702) | 42.9 (9.813) | 32.2 (115) | 26.1 (893) | |
  Moderate Pain | 46.1 (33,791) | 44.5 (20,781) | 47.6 (10,880) | 54.6 (195) | 56.6 (1935) | |
  Severe Pain | 8.2 (6012) | 6.8 (3195) | 9.5 (2178) | 13.2 (47) | 17.3 (593) | |
 Pain | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Pain (Pain Scale = 0) | 60.5 (112,389) | 63.5 (81,083) | 56.8 (30,110) | 35.8 (199) | 22.6 (997) | |
  Mild-Moderate Pain (Pain Scale = 1–2) | 37.2 (68,997) | 34.9 (44,540) | 40.1 (21,219) | 57.2 (318) | 66.1 (2920) | |
  Severe Pain (Pain Scale = 3) | 2.3 (4329) | 1.7 (2138) | 3.1 (1652) | 7.0 (39) | 11.3 (500) | |
 Weight Loss | 11.0 (18,973) | 7.3 (8719) | 17.7 (8838) | 28.3 (128) | 40.4 (1288) | < 0.0001 |
 Leaves Food Uneaten | 33.3 (61,836) | 26.0 (33,250) | 47.0 (24,911) | 50.9 (283) | 76.8 (3392) | < 0.0001 |
 Pressure Ulcer Risk | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 0) | 19.0 (34,861) | 23.8 (30,126) | 8.8 (4595) | 9.2 (51) | 2.0 (89) | |
  Mild Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 1–2) | 33.1 (60,827) | 36.5 (46,254) | 26.5 (13,858) | 27.9 (154) | 12.8 (561) | |
  Moderate Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 3) | 31.0 (57,005) | 28.(36,406) | 36.8 (19,276) | 30.4 (168) | 26.3 (1155) | |
  High Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 4–5) | 15.4 (28,401) | 10.1 (12,797) | 25.1 (13,152) | 30.2 (167) | 51.9 (2285) | |
  Very High Pressure Ulcer Risk (PURS = 6–8) | 1.6 (2847) | 0.8 (1041) | 2.8 (1483) | 2.4 (13) | 7.1 (310) | |
 Health Instability | < 0.0001 | |||||
  No Indication of Health Instability (CHESS = 0) | 40.7 (75,639) | 48.1 (61,422) | 26.7 (14,127) | 10.4 (58) | 0.7 (32) | |
  Mild Health Instability (CHESS = 1–2) | 47.0 (87,227) | 46.4 (59,239) | 51.4 (27,228) | 39.0 (217) | 12.3 (12.3) | |
  Moderate-Severe Health Instability (CHESS = 3–5) | 12.3 (22,849) | 5.6 (7100) | 21.9 (11,626) | 50.5 (281) | 87.0 (3842) | |
 Number of CAPs Triggered | < 0.0001 | |||||
  0 | 0.7 (1228) | 0.6 (763) | 0.8 (434) | 1.4 (8) | 0.5 (23) | |
  1–5 | 51.9 (96,344) | 54.7 (69,938) | 46.4 (24,579) | 45.5 (253) | 35.6 (1574) | |
  6–10 | 45.5 (84,412) | 43.2 (55,197) | 49.8 (26,387) | 49.8 (277) | 57.8 (2551) | |
  11–16 | 1.6 (3009) | 1.1 (1456) | 2.4 (1266) | 3.2 (18) | 6.1 (269) |