Table 1 Summary of Studies
From: Impact of socioeconomic status on end-of-life costs: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Source | Location | Patient Type | # of participants | SES Measured | EOL Period | Costs Measured | Results: SES-EOL Cost Relationship (Adjustment for Comorbidities) | Funding Sources Disclosed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cunningham et al., 2011 [24] | Canada | Age 65+ | 58,820 | Household income | Last year of life | Total medical cost | Negative relationship (adjusted); no relationship (not adjusted) | Yes |
Panczak et al., 2017 [25] | Switzerland | Age 18+ | 113,277 | Median area-based socioeconomic position index | Last year of life | Costs covered by a public health insurance | Positive relationship (not adjusted) | Yes |
Kelley et al., 2015 [26] | USA | Age 70+, Medicare beneficiary | 1702 | Household wealth, individual education | Last 5 years of life | Total medical cost | No relationship (not adjusted) | Yes |
Lee et al., 2015 [27] | Taiwan | Age 18+, oral cancer | 5386 | Individual income | Last month of life | Costs covered by a public health insurance | Positive but not linear relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
Kelley et al., 2013 [28] | USA | Age 70+, Medicare beneficiary | 3209 | Individual income, individual total assets | Last 5 years of life | 1 aspect of cost (out-of-pocket costs) | Positive relationship (unadjusted) | Yes |
Kelley et al., 2011 [29] | USA | Age 65.5+, Medicare beneficiary | 2394 | Individual net worth, individual education | Last 6 months of life | Medicare costs (parts a and b) | No relationship (unadjusted) | Yes |
Hanratty et al., 2007 [30] | Sweden | All decedents 18+ | 16,617 | Household income | Last year of life | Costs covered by a public health insurance | Positive relationship (not adjusted) | Yes |
Fahlman et al., 2006 [31] | USA | Age 18+, Medicare+Choice beneficiary | 4602 | Median area household income | Last year of life | 1 aspect of cost (prescription drug costs) | Positive relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
McGarry et al., 2005 [32] | USA | Age 70+ | 4321 | Household income, household wealth | Variable (last 12 months to last 3 years of life) | 1 aspect of cost (out-of-pocket costs) | Negative relationship as % of wealth (not adjusted) | Yes |
Hogan et al., 2001 [33] | USA | Age 65+ or disabled, Medicare beneficiary | 8000 | ZIP code poverty rate | Last year of life | Medicare costs (parts a and b) | Negative relationship (not adjusted) | Yes |
Timmer and Kovar, 1971 [34] | USA | Age 25+ | 1,649,000 | Household income | Last year of life | 1 aspect of cost (hospital & institutional care costs) | Positive relationship (not adjusted) | NA (government statistics) |
Chen et al., 2017 [35] | Taiwan | Age 60+, Chronic Kidney Disease | 65,124 | Individual income | Last month of life | 1 aspect of cost (inpatient costs) | Negative relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
Hanchate et al., 2009 [36] | USA | Age 66+, Medicare beneficiary | 158,780 | Median area household income | Last 6 months of life | Medicare costs (parts a and b) | No relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
Keating et al., 2018 [37] | USA | Age 65+, lung or colorectal advanced stage cancer, Medicare beneficiary | 1132 | Household income, individual education | Last month of life | Medicare costs (parts a and b) | No relationship (adjusted) | Â |
Shugarman et al., 2004 [38] | USA | Age 68+, Medicare beneficiary, white or black race | 241,047 | Median area household income | Last 3 years of life, or year of life | Medicare costs (parts a and b) | Negative relationship for last year of life (adjusted). Positive relationship for last year of life (unadjusted). Positive relationship for last 3 years of life (regardless of adjustment) | No |
Tanuseputro et al., 2015 [11] | Canada | All decedents 18+ | 264,755 | Average area household income | Last year of life | Costs covered by a public health insurance | No relationship (unadjusted) | Yes |
Rolden et al., 2014 [39] | The Netherlands | Age 65+ | 2833 | Score based on area education and income | Last 6 months of life | Total medical cost | No relationship (unadjusted) | No |
Murthy et al., 2017 [40] | Canada | All decedents 18+ | 264,754 | Median area household income | Last year of life | Costs covered by a public health insurance | No relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
Walsh & Laudicella, 2017 [41] | England | Age 18+, colorectal cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or lung cancer | 258,837 | % of area residents on government income benefits | Last 6 months of life | 1 aspect of cost (hospital costs) | Negative relationship (adjusted) | Yes |
Menec et al., 2004 [42] | Canada | All decedents 18+ | 9436 | Average area household income | Last 6 months of life | Total medical cost | No relationship (unadjusted) | Yes |