Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics of patients divided by ceiling of care decisions
All patients (n = 409) | Level 1 (n = 208) | Level 2 (n = 75) | Level 3(n = 126) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age (years) | 73·1 ± 15·3 | 81·9 ± 9·4 | 75·4 ± 9·9 | 57·6 ± 12·8 | < 0·001 |
Male sex [n(%)] | 211 (54) | 103 (49·5) | 43 (57·3) | 75 (59·5) | 0·17 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26·3 (22·1–30·8) | 23·2 (20·5–27·1) | 27·6 (22·0–31·8) | 29·4 (25·8–34·0) | < 0·001 |
BAME [n(%)] | 56 (13·7) | 12 (5·8) | 8 (10·7) | 36 (28·6) | < 0·001 |
Clinical Frailty Scale | 5 (3–6) | 6 (5–7) | 4 (3–5) | 2 (2–3) | < 0·001 |
Co-morbidities | |||||
HFrEF [n(%)] | 51 (12·5) | 34 (16·3) | 13 (17·3) | 4 (3·2) | 0·001 |
IHD [n(%)] | 62 (15·2) | 39 (18·8) | 15 (20·0) | 8 (6·3) | 0·004 |
Hypertension [n(%)] | 191 (46·7) | 99 (47·6) | 44 (58·7) | 48 (38·1) | 0·017 |
AF [n(%)] | 87 (21·3) | 60 (28·8) | 17 (22·7) | 10 (7·9) | < 0·001 |
Diabetes mellitus [n(%)] | 125 (30·6) | 67 (32·2) | 32 (42·7) | 26 (20·6) | 0·004 |
Stroke/TIA [n(%)] | 48 (11·7) | 34 (16·3) | 10 (13·3) | 4 (3·2) | 0·001 |
CKD [n(%)] | 103 (25·2) | 69 (33·2) | 29 (38·7) | 5 (4·0) | < 0·001 |
COPD [n(%)] | 64 (15·6) | 41 (19·7) | 16 (21·3) | 7 (5·6) | 0·001 |
Malignancy [n(%)] | 33 (8·1) | 22 (10·6) | 7 (9·3) | 4 (3·2) | 0·050 |
Medications | |||||
ACEi [n(%)] | 74 (18·1) | 30 (14·4) | 23 (30·7) | 21 (16·7) | 0·007 |
ARB [n(%)] | 32 (7·8) | 10 (4·8) | 8 (10·7) | 14 (11·1) | 0·069 |
BB [n(%)] | 99 (24·2) | 61 (29·3) | 22 (29·3) | 16 (12·7) | 0·001 |
CCB [n(%)] | 68 (16·6) | 27 (13·0) | 20 (26·7) | 21 (16·7) | 0·024 |
Loop diuretic [n(%)] | 64 (15·6) | 50 (24·0) | 12 (16·0) | 2 (1·6) | < 0·001 |
MRA [n(%)] | 16 (3·9) | 11 (5·3) | 3 (4·0) | 2 (1·6) | 0·24 |
Statin [n(%)] | 171 (41·8) | 85 (40·4) | 49 (65·3) | 38 (30·2) | < 0·001 |
Antiplatelet [n(%)] | 105 (25·7) | 57 (27·4) | 23 (30·7) | 25 (19·8) | 0·17 |
Anticoagulant [n(%)] | 57 (13·9) | 42 (20·2) | 11 (14·7) | 4 (3·2) | < 0·001 |
Metformin [n(%)] | 50 (12·2) | 23 (11·1) | 14 (18·7) | 13 (10·3) | 0·17 |
Sulphonylurea [n(%)] | 20 (4·9) | 5 (2·4) | 8 (10·7) | 7 (5·6) | 0·016 |
Corticosteroid [n(%)] | 21 (5·1) | 12 (5·8) | 3 (4·0) | 6 (4·8) | 0·82 |
Immunosuppression [n(%)] | 21 (5·1) | 9 (4·3) | 5 (6·7) | 7 (5·6) | 0·71 |