Table 2 Factors affecting patients’ perceptions of dignity and loss of dignity

Innate

Body Image

Physical appearance [82,83,84,85,86, 106,107,108,109, 111]

Changes in physical characteristics [7, 82, 84, 104, 108, 114,115,116,117,118]

Negative body image [7, 82, 84, 104, 108, 114,115,116,117,118]

Ageing [7, 84, 103,104,105]

Existential considerations

Recognition as a human being [75, 78, 82, 92, 94]

Being treated with respect and honor as a human [89, 91, 92, 138, 148, 170, 171]

Existential distress [6, 7, 87, 91, 102, 104, 105, 108, 118, 129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136, 139]

Loss of will to live [136]

Loss of self [6, 7, 87, 91, 102, 104, 118, 129,130,131,132,133,134,135]

Spirituality

Spiritual comfort [84, 95, 100, 110, 119, 120, 122, 124, 127, 128]

Beliefs and practices [75, 81, 83, 89, 95, 98, 112, 119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126]

Spiritual distress [7, 75, 108, 120, 138, 139]

Individual

Maintaining control

Financial affairs [95, 111, 121]

Independence [78, 80, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93,94,95,96, 105, 108, 111, 113, 116, 124, 127, 128, 139, 140, 143, 147, 150, 152, 153]

Privacy [75, 82, 83, 87, 89, 92, 93, 110, 111, 121, 140, 143, 150]

Place of death [90, 110, 116, 121, 154]

Autonomy [6, 78, 79, 83, 88, 89, 92, 93, 96,97,98,99, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111, 114, 122, 124, 138, 144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151]

Maintaining individuality [6, 78, 82, 83, 87,88,89,90,91,92,93, 108, 110, 112, 121, 146,147,148, 152, 153, 162]

Legacy [78, 93, 124, 140, 147, 153]

Loss of control over the dying process [7, 83, 90,91,92, 96,97,98, 102,103,104,105, 108, 118, 124, 129, 131, 132, 137, 139,140,141,142,143, 155]

Loss of decision-making capacity [7, 83, 90,91,92, 96, 97, 102,103,104,105, 108, 118, 124, 132, 137, 139, 141,142,143]

Uncertainty [7, 140, 143]

Unfinished business [7, 98, 118, 131]

Unmet needs [7, 90, 96, 118, 129, 140, 155]

Symptom distress

Physical distress [78, 83, 89, 94, 108, 111, 112, 127, 128, 147, 150,151,152, 165]

Mental distress [75, 78, 79, 83, 87, 89, 94, 108, 110, 111, 114, 120, 147, 150, 152, 162]

Symptomatic distress [6, 7, 82,83,84, 87, 88, 90, 93, 95,96,97, 102, 104, 108, 109, 115,116,117,118, 128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 137, 140, 143, 147, 158,159,160,161, 166]

Functional deterioration [6, 7, 83, 84, 87, 88, 93, 95,96,97, 102, 104, 108, 109, 115,116,117,118, 128, 129, 132, 140, 147, 158,159,160,161]

Reliance on others [7, 95, 104, 109, 115, 117, 118, 129, 140, 158, 159]

Positive emotional state

Positive emotions about self [6, 10, 88, 89, 93, 101, 103, 108, 115, 123, 153]

Positive emotions about prognosis [78, 88, 93, 105, 108, 120, 147, 156, 157]

Psychological distress [78, 87, 102, 105, 108, 118, 127, 129, 130, 148, 168, 169]

Loss of sense of purpose/hope [78, 87, 105, 108, 118, 127, 129, 130, 148]

Loss of emotional stability [112, 118, 129, 167]

Loneliness [102]

Anticipation [169]

Relational

Reliance on family

Care and support [84, 87, 90, 92, 95, 101, 106, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 121, 122, 128, 144, 172]

Aftermath concerns [75, 93, 111, 154]

Lack of care from family [7, 84, 95, 170]

Physical care [170]

Intangible care [7, 78, 84, 95, 170]

Being a burden to family [87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 108, 154]

Connectedness

Engagement [91,92,93, 102, 111, 113, 116, 121, 122, 124]

Conflicts/conflict-resolution with family [121, 124, 125]

Depth of relationship [80, 87, 92, 95, 109, 115, 122, 124]

Relationship with family [93, 95, 144]

Loss of familial relationships’ quality [82, 87, 115, 124, 131, 133, 139]

Feeling of isolation [115]

Inability to communicate concerns [124, 139]

Conflict [133]

Loss of familial roles [87, 131]

Perception by family

How family perceives patient and illness [87, 90, 102, 130, 146, 154]

Changing role(s) in family [90, 92, 114, 122, 124, 152]

Societal

Treatment by healthcare workers [6, 10, 78, 89, 91, 92, 95, 102, 110, 144, 154]

Healthcare system inadequacies [82, 95, 101, 102, 129, 135, 137, 155]

Lack of empathy [82, 95, 137]

Lack of regard as a person [101, 102, 135]

Poor organisation [82, 102, 129]

Place in society

Role preservation [10, 78, 83, 92, 93, 95, 97, 102, 111, 140, 150, 152]

Attitudes toward patients by others [75, 79, 84, 87, 90, 97, 102, 124, 143]

Lack of respect/support from society [7, 84, 91, 101, 130, 131]

Discrimination/social isolation [90, 92, 96, 101, 170]

Loss of role in society [7, 98, 108, 128, 129]

Reliance on others

Social support [75, 78, 82, 83, 89, 91,92,93, 95, 100, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 122, 128, 140]

Dependence on others [95, 114]

Feeling burdensome [10, 75, 79, 83, 86, 89, 90, 92, 95, 105, 117, 125, 150, 173]