Place of death of people living with Parkinson’s disease: a population-level study in 11 countries

BMC Palliative Care

Table 3 Proportions of Parkinson’s disease deaths occurring in hospital by patient and ecological characteristics (N = 34,430)

Characteristics	Belgium	France	Italy	Spain (Andalusia)	Hungary	Czech Republic	New Zealand	USA	Canada	Mexico	South Korea
Demographic and social factors
Sex:
male	33.1***	46.3***	34.6***	39.0	63.8	38.9	23.6	19.8***	50.0***	23.7	74.1
female	20.1	32.3	28.1	36.9	55.0	39.5	13.5	14.1	32.7	24.6	75.1
Age:
<65 years	50.0***	49.3***	36.7***	42.9	66.7^§	44.4	25.0	29.7***	60.0**	23.3	80.0**
65 to 79 years	36.2	47.6	35.9	39.5	60.0^§	36.8	22.2	19.8	46.9	28.2	71.7
80+ years	20.7	36.6	29.1	37.1	60.0	40.0	16.8	15.8	39.9	21.2	78.5
Educational attainment:
no formal or elementary	25.8	_	30.7	35.8	55.1	30.3	_	19.6	_	21.5***	73.2
lower secondary	35.9	_	36.6	43.8	100.0	39.5	_	16.9	_	31.3	_
higher secondary	32.7	_	31.7	41.9	64.3	44.4	_	17.2	_	24.0	77.8
higher	27.3	_	28.2	33.3	69.7	75.0	_	17.3	_	38.4	79.7
Social support
Marital status:
unmarried	24.5	32.9***	30.1	26.7	57.1	0.0	_	20.3***	37.2***	21.1	65.5**
married	31.1	47.0	32.7	42.7	67.7	42.0	_	19.4	50.3	23.1	70.7
widowed	22.7	33.3	29.9	34.2	52.2	40.6	_	14.2	33.6	25.3	79.3
divorced/ separated	21.4	36.7	40.5	75.0	46.2	22.2	_	19.2	46.3	29.4	75.0
Residential factors
Urbanization level:
very strong/ strong	29.3	39.2	35.3***	37.4	67.4	_	_	_	42.9^†	_	73.7**
average	24.5	39.5	35.8	38.1	51.1	_	_	_	_	_	82.6
weak/ rural	22.4 --	40.5	24.6	44.4	63.1	_	_	_	39.0^†	_	72.3
Health care system factors
Hospital beds/ 1000 inhabitants:
<= median	25	40	23***	40	‡	‡	19.6	16.7*	41	23	‡
> median	29	40	39	35	‡	‡	17.8	18.0	44	25	‡
LTC-beds/ 1000 inhabitants age 65+:
<= median	27	39	23***	36	‡	‡	24.8	17.3	41	_	‡
> median	27	41	39	40	‡	‡	11.8	17.4	47	_	‡

‘-‘ in cells represents that this information was not available in the country’s death certificate data. Percentages are row percentages. Abbreviation: LTC Long Term Care.
*Significant differences between categories within variable at 0.05 level, tested with Fisher Exact Test.; **Significant at 0.01 level ; ***Significant at 0.001 level.
^†In the Canadian death certificate data the urbanization level was categorized as ‘urban’ and ‘rural’.
‡Data on the region of residence within the country was not provided in the country’s death certificate data and hence the data on health care availability was for the country as a whole.
^§For Hungary the age distribution was provided in different ranges: <60; 60–79; 80 + .

ISSN: 1472-684X