Table 1 Multi-item cognitive-affective constructs (N = 1478)

Health literacy

0.793

63.22%

 How often do you have problems learning about your medical condition because of difficulty understanding written information without help?

0.824

 How often do you have problems learning about your medical condition because of difficulty with what is told to you by health professionals without help?

0.859

 How often do you have problems learning about your medical condition because of difficulty asking questions without help?

0.843

 How confident are you in filling out medical forms by yourself without help?

0.633

Mastery-persistence personality

0.71

63.64%

 Even if I feel sick enough to justify taking sick leave, I still work hard to complete the work I need daily.

0.799

 Even though I dislike the work, I still do my best.

0.805

 Even if it takes a long to see results, I continue to do my best.

0.789