Table 3 Generalized path analysis results for willingness to complete ADs (N = 1478)

Health literacy → Willingness to complete ADs (path 1)

0.138

1.148

(1.093, 1.206)

0.00

Mastery-Persistence personality → Willingness to complete ADs (path 2)

0.107

1.113

(1.016, 1.220)

0.02

Pro-individualism → Willingness to complete ADs (path 3)

0.303

1.354

(1.072, 1.711)

0.01

Health literacy → Pro-individualism (path 4)

0.064

1.066

(1.022, 1.112)

0.003

Mastery-persistence personality → Pro-individualism (path 5)

-0.069

0.934

(0.861, 1.012)

0.095

Control variables

 Women (ref: men)

0.232

1.261

(0.985, 1.614)

0.11

 Marital status (ref: singles)

  Married

0.438

1.550

(1.101, 2.183)

0.01

  Separated/ Divorced

0.383

1.466

(0.959, 2.241)

0.07

  Widowed

0.551

1.735

(0.956, 3.149)

0.07

 Education level (ref: Junior high school & below)

  High schools or equlivents

0.037

1.038

(0.753, 1.431)

0.82

  College

0.034

1.034

(0.703, 1.522)

0.86

  Graduate Sch

-0.334

0.716

(0.419, 1.223)

0.21

 Employment (ref: Retired, students or others)

  Full-time

-0.257

0.773

(0.552, 1.082)

0.13

  Part-time or family business

-0.487

0.614

(0.369, 1.022)

0.06

  Unemployed

-0.235

0.790

(0.436, 1.434)

0.42

 Income

0.009

1.009

(0.973, 1.046)

0.59

 Age (ref:Young adults 18–34)

  Adults (35–44)

0.746

2.107

(1.464, 3.035)

0.00

  Middle-aged adults (45–64)

0.976

2.654

(1.833, 3.842)

0.00

  Older adults (65+)

0.709

2.032

(1.201, 3.438)

0.01

 Have childern under 18yrs (ref: No)

  Yes

-0.406

0.667

(0.506, 0.878)

0.00

 Family members in long-term care (ref: No)

  Yes

-0.192

0.826

(0.645, 1.057)

0.12

 Awareness of the PAA legistiatoin (ref: No)

  Yes

0.540

1.715

(1.352, 2.177)

0.00

 Have cancer (ref: No)

  Yes

1.440

4.221

(0.006, 2869.516)

0.04

 Have mental illness (ref: No)

  Yes

1.155

3.173

(0.429, 23.501)

0.02