Table 1 Typology of the included manuscripts

Languages

 English

220

96%

 Chinese

4

2%

 Dutch

2

1%

 Japanese

2

1%

 German

1

 < 1%

Countries

 United States of America

63

28%

 Canada

13

6%

 Netherlands

12

5%

 Italy

11

5%

 France

9

4%

 Germany

9

4%

 Japan

9

4%

 Australia

8

3%

 United Kingdom

8

3%

 Belgium

7

3%

 China

7

3%

 South Korea

7

3%

 Finland

5

2%

 Spain

5

2%

 Switzerland

3

1%

 Brazil

2

1%

 Denmark

2

1%

 India

2

1%

 Greece

2

1%

 Mexico

2

1%

 New Zealand

2

1%

 Portugal

2

1%

 Singapore

2

1%

 Other countries

8

3%

 Two or more countries^a

29

13%

Year of publication

 1991–1995

4

2%

 1996–2000

13

6%

 2001–2005

15

7%

 2006–2010

31

14%

 2011–2015

41

18%

 2016–2020

79

25%

 2021-2023^b

46

20%

Monitoring technologies

 Actigraphy

57

25%

 Brain activity monitors

25

11%

  Bispectral Index (BIS)

15

  Other Electroencephalography (EEG)-based^{c, d}

9

  Sedation monitor (concept)

1

 Electrocardiography (ECG)^c

12

5%

 Electrodermal activity (EDA) monitor

8

3%

 Surface electromyogram (sEMG)

2

1%

 Incontinence sensors

11

5%

 Multi-modal systems^e

96

42%

  Polysomnography (PSG)

75

  With environmental sensors

6

  Other multi-modal systems

14

 Non-contact monitoring systems ^f

21

9%

  Pressure mats

9

  Video/facial expression analysis

4

  Infrared

2

  Radar

3

  Multiple sensors

3

Aim of studies^g

 No technology-related aims (the technology is applied as standard measurement)

91

39%

 Development of the technology

38

17%

 Feasibility/pilot study of the technology

51

22%

 Validation of the technology

65

28%