Table 2 Overview of themes and related sub-themes

Pain catastrophizing

Unable to ignore the pain

Try various methods to relieve the pain

Exaggerating pain perception

Lack of knowledge about proper pain management

Rumination

Compulsive rumination

Worrying rumination

Avoidance coping

Situational avoidance

Repressive avoidance

Constructive action

Setting clear value goal

Takeing reciprocal action